Rib pain referral patterns

Costovertebral (rib) joints are starting to be recognised as a source of pain. Mid-back pain is often misdiagnosed as either spinal (vertebral) pain or muscular pain. The figure below depicts pain referral patterns of various costovertebral joints – where the...

The extrapyramidal system

The extrapyramidal system is a complex motor system that lies parallel to the pyramidal system. The pyramidal system forms the networks that extend from your brain to your muscles, which control voluntary, organised movement. The extrapyramidal system lies parallel to...